M-FC Agar Base is recommended for detection and enumeration of faecal coliforms using membrane filtration technique at higher temperature (44.5°C). This medium is based on the property of faecal coliforms to grow at 44-45°C.

Loeffler's Methylene Blue stain is used for the identification of diphtheria bacilli, since it differentiates the deeply stained metachromatic granules from the pale blue-staining cytoplasm and also as a counterstain in AFB staining

This medium is recommended for the isolation of coagulase-positive staphylococci from cosmetics, milk, food and other specimens. The additional property of lipase activity of Staphylococcus aureus can be detected by the addition of the Egg Yolk Emulsion. The lipase activity can be visualized as yellow opaque zones around the colonies.

Malachite Green is used for bacterial spore staining by Schaeffer and Fulton's method. It can also used as a simple stain.

This granulated medium is used for presumptive identification of coliforms from variety of specimens such as water, milk and food etc. Bromocresol purple is the pH indicator in the medium which turns yellow under acidic condition, Colour of the medium chnages to yellow due to lactose fermentation and gas entrapped in Durhams tube.

This medium is used for the detection and isolation of gram-negative organisms from clinical , dairy, food, water, pharmaceutical and industrial sources. It is also recommended for the selection and recovery of the Enterobacteriaceae and related enteric gram-negative bacilli. USP recommends this medium for use in the performance of Microbial Limit Tests.

M17 Broth is recommended for cultivation of lactic Streptococci and their bacteriophages. It is usedfor the cultivation and enumeration of lactic Streptococci and their bacteriophages. This medium is a modification of M16 Medium.

Lactobacillus MRS Agar (MRS Agar)Recommended for the isolation and enumeration of lactic acid bacteria from meat and meat products. The composition and performance criteria of this medium are as per the specifications laid down in ISO 1995, Draft ISO/DIS 13720:2010. Peptone, HM Extract B, yeast extract , dextrose provides carbon and nitrogen sources for lactobacilli growth. Sodium acetate and ammonium citrate inhibit Streptococci, moulds and many other microorganisms. Magnesium sulphate and manganese sulphate provide essential ions for multiplication of lactobacilli. Phosphates provide good buffering action in the media. Polysorbate 80 supplies fatty acids required for the metabolism of Lactobacilli.

It a combination of the lead acetate medium described by Kligler and Russels Double Sugar Agar and is used as a differentiation medium for typhoid, dysentery and allied bacilli. It differentiates lactose fermenters from the non-fermenters, Salmonella Typhi from other Salmonellae and also Salmonella Paratyphi A from Salmonella Scottmuelleri and Salmonella Enteritidis

This medium was developed in 1967 by King and Metzger of the Hektoen Institute in order to increase the frequencies of isolation of Shigella and Salmonella organisms when compared with their recovery on other media frequently utilized in clinical laboratories at that time. It is currently recommended as one of several plating media for the culture of Enterobacteriaceae from stool specimens. The increased concentration of carbohydrate and proteose peptone helps to reduce the inhibitory effect of bile salts and indicators and allows good growth of Salmonella and Shigella species while inhibiting the normal intestinal flora.

The Giemsa solutions contain methylene blue and eosin.These basic and acidic dyes induce multiple colours when applied to cells. The basic component of white cells (i.e. cytoplasm) is stained by acidic dye and they are described as eosinophilic or acidophilic.The acidic components (e.g. nucleus with nucleic acid) take blue to purple shades of the basic dyes and they are called basophilic. The neutral components of the cell are stained by both the dyes.